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	<title>Comments on: Full Employment: A Force Against Rising Inequality and Stagnant Incomes</title>
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	<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/</link>
	<description>Facts, Thoughts, and Commentary</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 23:54:06 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>By: The NYT and the Causes of the Income Slump &#124; Jared Bernstein &#124; On the Economy</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-276316</link>
		<dc:creator>The NYT and the Causes of the Income Slump &#124; Jared Bernstein &#124; On the Economy</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Aug 2012 23:36:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-276316</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[[...] a big, egregious omission from the NYT’s list: Full Employment, as I discuss here and wrote a book about here (with Dean Baker).  History is very clear on FE’s role in boosting [...]]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] a big, egregious omission from the NYT’s list: Full Employment, as I discuss here and wrote a book about here (with Dean Baker).  History is very clear on FE’s role in boosting [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Chris</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-122623</link>
		<dc:creator>Chris</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Mar 2012 09:21:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-122623</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[What strikes me about the first chart is that the growth rate in income for all the income levels is about the same during good times (the exception being the 20th percentile in the late 80s).  The divergence appears to come more from the fact that higher income levels turn around before the lower one.  Even a relatively short delay in turning from contraction to expansion in incomes can have a huge impact on inequality - especially when it repeats through multiple recessions.

This led me to think about charts like this:

http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/03/comparing-recessions-and-recoveries-job-changes-4/

which illustrate the change in jobs during the various recoveries from &#039;V-shaped&#039; to &#039;U-shaped&#039;.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>What strikes me about the first chart is that the growth rate in income for all the income levels is about the same during good times (the exception being the 20th percentile in the late 80s).  The divergence appears to come more from the fact that higher income levels turn around before the lower one.  Even a relatively short delay in turning from contraction to expansion in incomes can have a huge impact on inequality &#8211; especially when it repeats through multiple recessions.</p>
<p>This led me to think about charts like this:</p>
<p><a href="http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/03/comparing-recessions-and-recoveries-job-changes-4/" rel="nofollow">http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/03/comparing-recessions-and-recoveries-job-changes-4/</a></p>
<p>which illustrate the change in jobs during the various recoveries from &#8216;V-shaped&#8217; to &#8216;U-shaped&#8217;.</p>
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		<title>By: Michael</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121932</link>
		<dc:creator>Michael</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Mar 2012 02:02:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121932</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[You&#039;re working really hard to avoid a basic truth -- conservatives hate the idea of prosperity, so they make up a lot of crap to justify why we shouldn&#039;t have it.

There&#039;s no other there there.  I have never encountered a conservative meme that had support in reality.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>You&#8217;re working really hard to avoid a basic truth &#8212; conservatives hate the idea of prosperity, so they make up a lot of crap to justify why we shouldn&#8217;t have it.</p>
<p>There&#8217;s no other there there.  I have never encountered a conservative meme that had support in reality.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>By: Jared Bernstein</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121597</link>
		<dc:creator>Jared Bernstein</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 10:40:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121597</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Re #1, see figure C-1 at the end of this doc--it plots the Gini coefficient (a measure of income inequality) with and without the value of employer-provided health care.  The two lines are almost coincident, so not much of a story there.  Economist and friend Larry Mishel is doing important work on this question which he&#039;ll publish soon, I believe--teaser: health care benefits do not offset the increase in wage inequality.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Re #1, see figure C-1 at the end of this doc&#8211;it plots the Gini coefficient (a measure of income inequality) with and without the value of employer-provided health care.  The two lines are almost coincident, so not much of a story there.  Economist and friend Larry Mishel is doing important work on this question which he&#8217;ll publish soon, I believe&#8211;teaser: health care benefits do not offset the increase in wage inequality.</p>
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		<title>By: perplexed</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121588</link>
		<dc:creator>perplexed</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 10:21:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121588</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&quot;mime&quot; should be &quot;meme&quot; in above post; beware of unsupervised spellcheckers!]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;mime&#8221; should be &#8220;meme&#8221; in above post; beware of unsupervised spellcheckers!</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>By: perplexed</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121542</link>
		<dc:creator>perplexed</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 07:50:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121542</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Dr. Bernstein:

I&#039;m trying to get an understanding of the &quot;roots&quot; of the long lived mime regarding unemployment that it&#039;s just some kind of &quot;unfortunate natural economic phenomenon&quot; that &quot;just happens&quot; when economies slow down and &quot;can&#039;t&quot; employ everyone. I&#039;m guessing that its the product of human &quot;pack&quot; mentality combined and reinforced by the industrial revolution&#039;s gathering of huge numbers of laborers and wanting to keep the &quot;core&quot; of that workforce relatively calm and subdued, especially when it could be done at a relatively low cost. Obviously when work slows down, the pack resists outsiders (otherwise known as &quot;scabs&quot;) who would work for less and bring wages down for all. Employers gain more by keeping the &quot;core&quot; relatively subdued and in a relatively weak negotiating position than they stand to gain by allowing a relatively small percentage of cheaper workers access to the jobs as the disruption they would cause would offset most of the economic gain; and this only occurs when employers face a surplus of workers anyway. Obviously, a truly &quot;free&quot; market in labor would be quite threatening to those benefiting from these closed &quot;markets.&quot;  Even Keynes, who deplored the social costs associated with idled workers, never seemed to focus on the &quot;price fixing&quot; aspects of the plight of the unemployed. When it later became very apparent that laissez-faire capitalism would result in huge, powerful, trusts and cartels which would be able to engage in rampant price fixing with their enormously destructive monopoly power, labor was exempted from restrictions on price fixing and market manipulation. What was the moral justification for allowing this &quot;price fixing&quot; in labor markets to continue? Was it simply the lack of power and representation of the unemployed to do anything to resist these output gap costs being imposed on them or was there some &quot;economic&quot; justification for this? Why is this mime just accepted by economists today without any scrutinization of the underlying justification for these practices? If this mime were adequately exposed for what it is by economists instead of propagated by them as some kind of &quot;natural occurrence,&quot; the question that would need to be answered is: are the unemployed being adequately compensated for the costs that society imposes on them through this &quot;price fixing&quot; scheme or should this problem be solved in a way that those benefiting from the &quot;price fixing&quot; pay the resulting costs of it and not just impose these costs on those denied access the &quot;market.&quot;  When posed this way, the question of &quot;should we extend unemployment coverage?&quot; gets properly displaced by the question &quot;are those precluded from accessing the employment &#039;market&#039; being adequately compensated for the losses imposed on them so that those with &#039;market&#039; access can maintain their standard of living?&quot;

Do you happen to know of any works that attempt to address these issues or discuss how this legal &quot;price fixing&quot; came to be resolved in its present form? So much of what we&#039;re doing with regard to unemployment compensation, job sharing, currency manipulation, and deficit spending rests on this shaky foundation that it seems incomprehensible that this isn&#039;t at the forefront of our public discourse. I&#039;d appreciation any direction you can provide that might be able to shed some light on the rationale behind this apparent discrepancy.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dr. Bernstein:</p>
<p>I&#8217;m trying to get an understanding of the &#8220;roots&#8221; of the long lived mime regarding unemployment that it&#8217;s just some kind of &#8220;unfortunate natural economic phenomenon&#8221; that &#8220;just happens&#8221; when economies slow down and &#8220;can&#8217;t&#8221; employ everyone. I&#8217;m guessing that its the product of human &#8220;pack&#8221; mentality combined and reinforced by the industrial revolution&#8217;s gathering of huge numbers of laborers and wanting to keep the &#8220;core&#8221; of that workforce relatively calm and subdued, especially when it could be done at a relatively low cost. Obviously when work slows down, the pack resists outsiders (otherwise known as &#8220;scabs&#8221;) who would work for less and bring wages down for all. Employers gain more by keeping the &#8220;core&#8221; relatively subdued and in a relatively weak negotiating position than they stand to gain by allowing a relatively small percentage of cheaper workers access to the jobs as the disruption they would cause would offset most of the economic gain; and this only occurs when employers face a surplus of workers anyway. Obviously, a truly &#8220;free&#8221; market in labor would be quite threatening to those benefiting from these closed &#8220;markets.&#8221;  Even Keynes, who deplored the social costs associated with idled workers, never seemed to focus on the &#8220;price fixing&#8221; aspects of the plight of the unemployed. When it later became very apparent that laissez-faire capitalism would result in huge, powerful, trusts and cartels which would be able to engage in rampant price fixing with their enormously destructive monopoly power, labor was exempted from restrictions on price fixing and market manipulation. What was the moral justification for allowing this &#8220;price fixing&#8221; in labor markets to continue? Was it simply the lack of power and representation of the unemployed to do anything to resist these output gap costs being imposed on them or was there some &#8220;economic&#8221; justification for this? Why is this mime just accepted by economists today without any scrutinization of the underlying justification for these practices? If this mime were adequately exposed for what it is by economists instead of propagated by them as some kind of &#8220;natural occurrence,&#8221; the question that would need to be answered is: are the unemployed being adequately compensated for the costs that society imposes on them through this &#8220;price fixing&#8221; scheme or should this problem be solved in a way that those benefiting from the &#8220;price fixing&#8221; pay the resulting costs of it and not just impose these costs on those denied access the &#8220;market.&#8221;  When posed this way, the question of &#8220;should we extend unemployment coverage?&#8221; gets properly displaced by the question &#8220;are those precluded from accessing the employment &#8216;market&#8217; being adequately compensated for the losses imposed on them so that those with &#8216;market&#8217; access can maintain their standard of living?&#8221;</p>
<p>Do you happen to know of any works that attempt to address these issues or discuss how this legal &#8220;price fixing&#8221; came to be resolved in its present form? So much of what we&#8217;re doing with regard to unemployment compensation, job sharing, currency manipulation, and deficit spending rests on this shaky foundation that it seems incomprehensible that this isn&#8217;t at the forefront of our public discourse. I&#8217;d appreciation any direction you can provide that might be able to shed some light on the rationale behind this apparent discrepancy.</p>
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		<title>By: Sachin Shivaram</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121438</link>
		<dc:creator>Sachin Shivaram</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 01:44:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121438</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Hi Jared,
Love your blog. I am not an economist (work for a steel company in Mexico, and originally from Wisconsin), but I just had two comments on today&#039;s post:

1. What about the portion of personal income that is received in the form of health care coverage - is that included in your analysis? If not, would that alter the trajectory of inequality growth?

2. It seems that there is something inherently logical in saying that slack unemployment affects the lower and middle income families more because the top 5% work in jobs where they earn higher incomes because of something unique about what they do, and so are less subject to overall economic factors that affect the labor market. I do not have the data, but I suspect that unemployment among even Wall St bankers (who were at the epicenter of the recent crisis) rose less than it did among the rest of the population. The rest of the 95% works for the most part in industries where labor levels can be easily adjusted in response to economic conditions.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hi Jared,<br />
Love your blog. I am not an economist (work for a steel company in Mexico, and originally from Wisconsin), but I just had two comments on today&#8217;s post:</p>
<p>1. What about the portion of personal income that is received in the form of health care coverage &#8211; is that included in your analysis? If not, would that alter the trajectory of inequality growth?</p>
<p>2. It seems that there is something inherently logical in saying that slack unemployment affects the lower and middle income families more because the top 5% work in jobs where they earn higher incomes because of something unique about what they do, and so are less subject to overall economic factors that affect the labor market. I do not have the data, but I suspect that unemployment among even Wall St bankers (who were at the epicenter of the recent crisis) rose less than it did among the rest of the population. The rest of the 95% works for the most part in industries where labor levels can be easily adjusted in response to economic conditions.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>By: Michael</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121422</link>
		<dc:creator>Michael</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 01:05:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121422</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Yes, you have just stated why conservatives love unemployment.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Yes, you have just stated why conservatives love unemployment.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>By: Don A in Pennsyltucky</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121415</link>
		<dc:creator>Don A in Pennsyltucky</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 00:24:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121415</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The data match my recollections that, in the mid-late 1970&#039;s it became increasingly difficult to support a family on one working-class paycheck.  I was just out of college, unmarried, sharing an apartment, and getting the same pay as older married men with wives and children.  I could pay off my college loans, buy a motorcycle for fun, and never ran short of cash until I got married and even then we had 2 paychecks so things weren&#039;t tight.  Only after becoming parents did we begin to struggle a little.  For a while our children qualified for reduced-price school lunches.  Today, we have 3 jobs between us, one child in college and another who lives at home to be able to save money.  

What I want to know is, what happened around 1975 that changed everything?]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The data match my recollections that, in the mid-late 1970&#8242;s it became increasingly difficult to support a family on one working-class paycheck.  I was just out of college, unmarried, sharing an apartment, and getting the same pay as older married men with wives and children.  I could pay off my college loans, buy a motorcycle for fun, and never ran short of cash until I got married and even then we had 2 paychecks so things weren&#8217;t tight.  Only after becoming parents did we begin to struggle a little.  For a while our children qualified for reduced-price school lunches.  Today, we have 3 jobs between us, one child in college and another who lives at home to be able to save money.  </p>
<p>What I want to know is, what happened around 1975 that changed everything?</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>By: Joe Seydl</title>
		<link>http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/full-employment-a-force-against-rising-inequality-and-stagnant-incomes/#comment-121408</link>
		<dc:creator>Joe Seydl</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Mar 2012 23:50:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/?p=4219#comment-121408</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Very cool analysis. Although it won&#039;t convince any of the supply-siders, who believe the NAIRU is around 8% right now.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Very cool analysis. Although it won&#8217;t convince any of the supply-siders, who believe the NAIRU is around 8% right now.</p>
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